Dew drops, each a splendid world of reflection - caught in a silvery web on an early morning:
Freezing fog created these icy decorations on a cobweb:
Nature Imitates Man?
Such is the strength of the design of the spider web that it has been adapted in to much of our own architecture. Sometimes the spiders seem to get their ideas from us, but that really isn’t the case! The thread that spiders produce come from glands called spinnerets. There are, so far, seven different types of spinnerets that have been identified and each one has a separate purpose. Each type of spider will possess a few of these spinneret glands, but there has never been a recorded case of a spider having all seven types!
Home is where you weave it
Not all spider webs are spiral or orbic in shape, though these are the most common:
Black Hole Fly Nemesis
There are sheet webs, like this one - with the spooky “black” hole at the center! -
Then, there are funnel and tubular webs – the names speak for themselves... Finally there are dome or tent webs that can cover huge areas. The capture silk above is from the “fluffy” variety. Orb webs that most people usually associate with spiders use “sticky” silk.
It took Homo sapiens thousands of years of thought to come up with the idea of ergonomics, but spiders have been at it for millions of years. When making its web, the spider will use its own body for measurement. In this way the web is the ultimate in practicality and ergonomic design. The spider is able to get around the web extremely quickly and efficiently and will not fall through the holes!
Dawn
Have you ever had job to do that is so daunting it takes you an incredibly long time just to get around to starting it, if you ever start it at all? Then spare a thought for your friendly neighborhood arachnid. As with any big job, it is the first thread that is the most difficult for the spider. It will use the wind to carry the first thread from one of its spinnerets. With some luck it will stick to a suitable surface. This is why sometimes you wonder why a spider would place its web in some place rather than another! After the first thread sticks, the spider moseys on over and strengthen it with a second thread. Then it carries on doing it until it judges that the “first” thread is strong enough to support the rest of the web.
On a Scroll
Once that difficult first thread is finished, the spider then goes on to make a “Y” shape netting. After that the first three radial surrounds are built. Using its own sense of ergonomics, the spider ensures that the space between each radial is small enough for it to get over. So, with a little mathematics, you can work out how big a spider is without seeing it: judging from the size of its web and the number or radials it has.
War of the Worlds?
The above is a “fluffy” web taken in a park in Holland. It isn’t actually an attempt to take over the world but works as a kind of obstacle course. Its intention is to confuse insects and make them more likely to get trapped. It also helps the spider avoid being lunch for its enemies, such as wasps and birds.
Whorled White Web
Once the radials are finished the spider will make the center of the web stronger with six or so circular threads. Then a spiral is made (non stick!) so the spider can move around while it is building the web. Starting from the outside and working towards the middle, the spider then creates the sticky spiral threads that will catch its dinner. Ergonomics again – the length of the spider, from the very tip of its back legs to its spinnerets is in proportion to the space between each spiral. As the sticky spirals are produced the spider removes the original non stick one as it is no longer needed.
Webopolis
Sometimes, many spiders will build webs together. The above is a beautiful picture but gives no real impression of the real size to which group webs can grow. Try the one below!
This giant communal spider web was photographed in Texas and measured over one hundred and eight meters in length . Entomologists think that it may be the results of socialization, with spiders deliberately building webs in unison that merge in to one giant net (for elephants possibly?). However, scientists have no real idea whether the spiders are working in a “Borg” like way or it is simply accidental.
Delicate Strength
Once the web is complete the spider bites off the three spirals at the center. Then it sits and it waits! Hopefully, before long, something plump and juicy will get stuck.
The web is an incredibly efficient way of gathering food. The spider doesn’t have to go chasing after its prey – it simply waits. However, everything has its downside. The web is high in protein and as such its production takes a lot of energy. What a lot of spiders do is at the end of a day, when the web has lost a lot of its stickiness, they will eat it!
In this way the spider recycles its own web and regains some of the energy it used to make the web in the first place.
Dartboard
Spider silk has a greater tensile strength than a chunk of steel weighing the same amount. As scientists look more towards nature for their inspiration, more potential applications in industry are developed - from parts of artificial prosthetics, to bullet proof vests. On the downside, some scientists are already genetically modifying other animals to produce the proteins that make the web.
How far we are away from a Frankenstein scenario is anyone’s guess.
A Fairy’s Necklace
One question comes to mind: why don’t spiders stick to their own webs? Well, it is true they do not usually get glued in their own cobweb...
However, they have to be careful! The spider has to choose where it will wait for its prey and that is always spun with the non sticky stuff. However, when they leave their monitoring position they do have to be careful to only climb along the non sticky threads! Otherwise they will become a meal for any passing creature, hoisted on their own petard!
Flower Web
It should be pointed out here that some species of spider do not use webs at all, instead relying on more traditional methods of hunting, such as 'pouncing' or even openly chasing down their prey. However, without the spider web we would lose one of the more beautiful sights that Mother Nature has to offer...
... among other wonders in its marvelous glamour & jewelry shop:
